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- Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp
- Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum
- History
- Inside
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Auschwitz Concentration Camp | Largest extermination camp by Nazi Germany
Auschwitz-BirkenauAuschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp
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What was Auschwitz before the concentration camp?
- Auschwitz, the largest and possibly the most notorious of all the Nazi death camps, opened in the spring of 1940. Located on a former military base outside Oswiecim in southern Poland, it was constructed by appropriating nearby factories and forcibly evicting residents.
- It was originally conceived as a detention center for the many Polish citizens arrested after Germany annexed the country in 1939. They imprisoned teachers, civil servants, artists, priests, politicians, intellectuals, and members of resistance organisations.
- Once Hitler’s Final Solution became official, Nazi policy death camps began to be constructed and Auschwitz in Poland became the center of the mass destruction of European Jews. These camps also used to employ slave labour and those unfit for work were immediately exterminated.
Auschwitz today
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- Auschwitz, today, is open to the public as the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. It is also the only death camp on the UNESCO World Heritage site.
- Auschwitz concentration camps stand as a reminder of the horrors inflicted on millions of people.
- It sees millions of visitors each year. In 2019, 2 million 320 thousand people from across the globe visited Auschwitz.
Inside Auschwitz-Birkenau
At the peak of its operations, Auschwitz covered about 40 sq km, and had more than 40 camps. In November 1943, due to the difficulties in managing the growing complex, the Auschwitz Concentration Camps were divided into three. Today, Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau are open to visitors.
Auschwitz I
Constructed to incarcerate enemies of the Nazi regime, provide a supply of forced laborers, and serve as a site of extermination, the original camp, Auschwitz I, housed about 16,000 prisoners. Its main gate carries the infamous inscription, “Arbeit Macht Frei”, meaning “Work Makes You Free.”
This was the location of the SS garrison administration. It had a gas chamber, crematorium, and Barrack 10, where SS physicians carried out pseudo-medical experiments. You can still see these structures as part of the Auschwitz Museum.
Auschwitz II-Birkenau
Auschwitz II, or Auschwitz-Birkenau, about 72 km from Krakow, began being constructed in October 1941. Birkenau, the biggest of the Auschwitz facilities, was divided into ten sections, each separated by electrified barbed-wire fences. After its opening in March 1942, it acted as a center for the extermination of Jewish people. It housed a group of gas chambers and crematoriums. More than 40 smaller facilities, called subcamps, served as slave-labor camps. The majority of victims of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp died in Birkenau.
Auschwitz III-Monowitz & Subcamps
Largest of the subcamps of Auschwitz, Monowitz began operating in 1942. Created as a barrack-camp for slave laborers working in the IG Farben and other factories, Monowitz came to be seen as the headquarters of the industrial sub-camps. Despite better conditions than in Birkenau, the hard labor took a toll on the prisoners. 1,670 prisoners were murdered at the site or died in the sub-camp hospital. 11,000 were sent to Auschwitz and Birkenau, to be killed. The Monowitz and other subcamps are not open to visitors.
Liberation from Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps
- Auschwitz commandants began destroying evidence of the horrors that took place at the concentration camps towards the end of 1944, with the defeat of Nazi Germany by the Allied forces seeming certain.
- In January 1945, the Soviet army entered Krakow. In a final effort to eliminate all evidence, the Germans forced 60,000 detainees, accompanied by Nazi guards, to march to the Polish towns. Countless prisoners died during this process. Those who survived were sent on trains to concentration camps in Germany.
- The Soviet army entered Auschwitz Concentration Camp on January 27 and found about 7,000 sick or emaciated detainees, mounds of corpses, pieces of clothing, shoes, and seven tons of human hair that had been shaved from detainees before their liquidation.
Frequently asked questions about Auschwitz concentration camps
What is the Auschwitz concentration camp famous for?
Auschwitz concentration camp was the most notorious of all Nazi death camps, and today, it stands as a symbol of the Holocaust.
Was Auschwitz the biggest concentration camp created?
Spread over 191 hectares, Auschwitz was the largest of the German Nazi concentration camps and extermination centers.
Who created the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland?
The Auschwitz concentration camp was created by German Nazis as part of Hilter’s Final Solution policy that called for the extermination of the Jews.
How many prisoners were there in the Auschwitz concentration camps?
Estimates suggest that 1.3 million people were sent to the death camp in occupied Poland.
How long did the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps in Poland last?
Established in 1940, the Auschwitz concentration camp went on to function until January 1945, when the Soviet army entered Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Monowitz concentration camp and liberated more than six thousand prisoners.
How many Jews died in the Auschwitz death camps?
In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. Of this, almost one million were Jews.
When were the Jews freed from the Auschwitz-Birkenau ?
The Jews were liberated from the Auschwitz and Birkenau concentration camps by the Soviet forces in January 1945.
How many people survived the Auschwitz concentration camp?
Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind in the Nazi concentration camps. Most of them were ill or dying.
How were the Jews tortured at the Auschwitz holocaust concentration camps?
The Jews were stripped of their identity in the holocaust camps in Poland. They were forced to work, live in terrible conditions, and provided insufficient nutrition. They were also subjected to arbitrary executions, torture, and retribution as well as inhumane medical experimentation.
What can we see when we visit Auschwitz extermination camps today?
You can see the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. Here you can find the concentration and extermination camps at Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau, as well as relics from the camp.
Can visitors view all the camps at Auschwitz?
Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau are open to visitors. Auschwitz III- Monowitz and other subcamps are not open to the public.
Is Auschwitz-Birkenau a UNESCO World Heritage site?
Yes, Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp is the only death camp on the UNESCO World Heritage site.
Does the Auschwitz concentration camp still exist?
Today, it exists as the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, and continues to stand as a symbol of the horrors of the Holocaust.
Where is Auschwitz concentration camp?
Auschwitz-Birkenau, the haunting reminder of one of history's darkest chapters, is situated in Oswiecim, a town in southern Poland. Nestled amidst serene landscapes, this sobering memorial is easily accessible and holds within its boundaries the somber history of the Holocaust. The exact address is Ofiar Faszyzmu 12, 32-600 Brzezinka, Poland.
Are guided tours available for Auschwitz?
Yes, you can book a guided tour of Auschwitz-Birkenau online.
What was the largest concentration camp?
Auschwitz II-Birkenau was the biggest Nazi concentration camp.
